Museum "Territory of Terror" | History | In between the World wars (1919-1939) | Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia


After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire the issue of the future fate of Carpatho-Ukraine became urgent.  On January 21st, 1919, at the “Meeting of all Ruthanians, living in Hungary” that took place in Khust, over 400 deputies from all Carpatho-Ukraine declared annexation of the territory to the Ukrainian People’s Republic (UPR). But the critical condition of the UPR Directorate didn’t allow this to happen due to the aggression of Bolshevik Russia. Instead, the American People’s Council of Carpatho-Ruthenians, founded in emigration in June 1918, after negotiations with the President of the Czech Republic Tomash Masaryk (Tomáš Masaryk) on November 12th, 1918, in Scranton (USA) made a decision to annex Ruthenia lands to Czechoslovakian republic on the footing of federation. This decision was later consolidated with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the Treaty of Trianon, according to which Carpatho-Ukraine as autonomy was annexed to Czechoslovakia under the name “Subcarpathian Rus”. 

Carpatho-Ukraine after annexation de facto became an agricultural appendage to economically developed Czech territory. The territory of “Subcarpathian Rus” comprised 5% of all territory of the Czechoslovakian republic, where lived 9% of population and remained only 0,07% of production capacity. Market share of manufacturing industry in the economics of the region comprised only 2%, and over two thirds of the territory of Carpatho-Ukraine (260 116 hectares) were reserved for Czech military colonists. Almost 90% of farms were trapped in debt. This was caused not only by high rent, but also by numerous fines and taxes, which became 13 times higher over the decade (1919-1929). Fighting for better life, population was actively supporting radical left parties. In particular, in the 1924 general elections communists got 40% of all votes. In 1935 amount of votes in their favor fell to 15%, but they still got more votes than any other party.

Anti-Czech attitude enhanced also because of the center-based policy of Prague. During the period between the wars the government, regardless of its international commitments, didn’t give the region the status of autonomy. On the territory of Carpatho-Ukraine there were many Czechs (in 1930 there were 30 thousand Czechs, 70-80% of them were in the governmental establishment). Czech schools were privileged: 213 independent Czech schools were opened over the period of 20 years. 

Political movement of Carpatho-Ukraine contained several competing branches: Russophile, autochthonic, and Ukrainian. The Ukrainian movement, represented by young intelligentsia (teachers, students), with the support of living connection with people, had substantial achievements. Activity of “Prosvita” society  together with the network of reading rooms all over the region (in 1936 – 14 branches and 233 reading rooms), “Teachers’ community” , national theatre, choir in Uzhgorod, Plast , Ukrainian schools and influence of Ukrainian press contributed to the victory of the Ukrainian national movement in Carpatho-Ukraine in the end of the 1930s. Russophiles gathered around “Alexander Dukhnovich society”  and around Orthodox Church, organized by Russian emigrants and supported by the Czech government to counterbalance Greek-Catholic church.

In between the World wars (1919-1939)
USSR
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Romania
The Second World War (1939-1945)
“The first Soviets”
Under the rule of the Third Reich
Ukrainian resistance movement
War after the war (1945-1953)
Liquidation of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic church
The second collectivization
The Famine of 1946-1947
Deportations
GULAG
The Khrushchev “thaw” (1953-1964)
The Brezhnev stagnation (1964-1986)
On the way to independence (1986-1991)
Related video
- The organization of the ‘Carpathian Sich’ people’s defense, 1938–1939
- The Magyarization of the Greek Catholic Church in Transcarpathia, 1938–1943
- Proclamation of Independence of Carpatho-Ukraine, March 15, 1939
- Meeting a Slovak President Joseph Tyso, the beginning of the 1940s
- The OUN in Transcarpathia, 1938–1939
- Studying in monasteries of Galicia, 1926-1931
- Confession during the time spent in hiding, the end of the 1940s
- Members of the ‘Carpathian Sich’ fusilladed, March 1939
Related film
Occupation of the Carpatho-Ukraine, March 1939.
Hungarian-Polish troops at the Uzhok mountain pass, April 1939.
Administration of Carpatho-Ukraine, 1939.
Session of the Soim (parliament) of Carpatho-Ukraine, March 15th, 1939.
Polish and Hungarian troops meet on the border, 1939.
New Hungarian border after occupation of Uzhhorod and Mukacheve, 1938.
Related photo
Magyar officers and a Polish soldier after execution of Carpathian Sich soldiers
Carpatho-Ukraine
Magyar officers and a Polish soldier after execution of Carpathian Sich soldiers
ID: DFF000273

Повний опис
Barracks of Ukrainian internments
Nimetske Yablonne (Czechoslovakia)
Barracks of Ukrainian internments
ID: DFF000286

Повний опис
Barracks of Ukrainian internments
Nimetske Yablonne (Czechoslovakia)
Barracks of Ukrainian internments
ID: DFF000287

Повний опис
Augustin Štefan- the Head of the Soim of Carpatho-Ukraine
Carpatho-Ukraine
Augustin Štefan- the Head of the Soim of Carpatho-Ukraine
ID: DFF000247

Повний опис
Mykhailo Kolodzinskyi - head of the Carpathian Sich headquaters
Khust (Carpatho-Ukraine)
Mykhailo Kolodzinskyi - head of the Carpathian Sich headquaters
ID: DFF000256

Повний опис
A meeting of Hungarian and Polish troops of Carpatho-Ukraine
Carpatho-Ukraine
A meeting of Hungarian and Polish troops of Carpatho-Ukraine
ID: DFF000276

Повний опис
Julian Révaý - the Prime-Minister of the Carpatho-Ukrainian government
Carpatho-Ukraine
Julian Révaý - the Prime-Minister of the Carpatho-Ukrainian government
ID: DFF000261

Повний опис
Near the building of the Carpathian Sich in Khust.
Khust (Carpatho-Ukraine)
Near the building of the Carpathian Sich in Khust.
ID: DFF000248

Повний опис
The transit prison #25 Territory of Terror - The Lviv ghetto Territory of Terror Territory of Terror
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